Table 1. Effectiveness ratings for 25 beginning reading programs in four domains

	Alphabetics		Fluency		Comprehension		General reading achievement
	Rating of effectiveness	Extent of evidence1	Rating of effectiveness	Extent of evidence1	Rating of effectiveness	Extent of evidence1	Rating of effectiveness	Extent of evidence1
Accelerated Reader/Reading Renaissance (Developer Website)						Small		Small
Auditory Discrimination in Depth/Lindamood Phonemic Sequencing®2 (no website available)		Small				Small
ClassWide Peer Tutoring (Developer Website)								Small
Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition® (CIRC) (Developer Website)						Medium to large
Corrective Reading (Developer Website)		Small		Small		Small
Daisy Quest3 (no website available)		Small
Early Intervention in Reading® (EIR) (Developer Website)		Small				Small
Earobics® (Developer Website)		Small		Small
Failure-Free Reading (Developer Website)		Small		Small		Small
Fast ForWord® (Developer Website)		Small				Small
Fluency Formula™ (Developer Website)				Small		Small
Kaplan SpellRead (Developer Website)		Small		Small		Small
Ladders to Literacy (Developer Website)		Medium to large		Small		Medium to large
Little Books (Developer Website)								Small
Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) (Developer Website)		Small		Small		Small
Read Naturally (Developer Website)				Small		Small
Read, Write, Type™ (Developer Website)		Small				Small
Reading Recovery® (Developer Website)		Small		Small		Small		Medium to large
Start Making A Reader Today® (Developer Website)		Small		Small		Small
Stepping Stones to Literacy (Developer Website)		Small
Success for All® (Developer Website)		Medium to large				Medium to large		Medium to large
Voyager Universal Literacy System® (Developer Website)		Medium to large				Small
Waterford Early Reading Program™ (Developer Website)		Small				Small
Wilson Reading System® (Developer Website)		Small		Small		Small
Key
Positive effects: strong evidence of a positive effect with no overriding contrary evidence				Potentially positive effects: evidence of a positive effect with no overriding contrary evidence
Mixed effects: evidence of inconsistent effects				No discernible effects: no affirmative evidence of effects
Potentially negative effects: evidence of a negative effect with no overriding contrary evidence				Negative effects: strong evidence of a negative effect with no overriding contrary evidence
1. A rating of "medium to large" requires at least two studies and two schools across studies in one domain and a total sample size across studies of at least 350 students or 14 classrooms. Otherwise, the rating is "small." 2. There is no single website listed as the product is sold by a number of distributors. See intervention report for further details. 3. There is no website listed as the developer distributes the product individually. See intervention report for further details.

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Figure 1. Alphabetics: average improvement

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Figure 2. Fluency: average improvement

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Figure 3. Comprehension: average improvement

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Figure 4. General reading achievement: average improvement

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Table 2. Programs reviewed with no studies meeting WWC evidence screens⁴

100 Book Challenge (http://www.100bookchallenge.com)

Academic Associates Learning Centers® (http://www.academic-associates.com/index.htm)

Academy of Reading (no website available)

Alpha-Time (no website available)

AlphabiTunes (http://www.alphabitunes.com)

America 's Choice (http://www.americaschoice.org)

Athens Tutorial Program (http://www.uga.edu/~atp)

Balanced Early Literacy Initiative (no website available)

Barton Reading & Spelling System (http://www.bartonreading.com)

Benchmark Word Recognition Program (http://www.benchmarkschool.org)

Book Buddies (http://www.readwritethink.org/lessons/lesson_view.asp?id=160)

Bookmark (no website available)

Bradley Reading and Language Arts (no website available)

Breakthrough to Literacy (http://www.breakthroughtoliteracy.com)

Bridge (http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca)

Bring the Classics to Life (http://www.edconpublishing.com)

California Early Literacy Learning (CELL) (http://www.cell-exll.com)

Carbo Reading Styles Program (http://www.nrsi.com)

CIERA School Change Project (http://www.ciera.org)

C. L. A. P., A sound Approach to Pre-Reading Skills (http://www.soundreading.com/)

CompassLearning (http://www.compasslearning.com)

Compensatory Language Experiences and Reading Program (CLEAR) (no website available)

Comprehensive Curriculum for Early Student Success (ACCESS) (http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/eptw/profiles/ndn1.html)

Concept Phonics Fluency Set (http://www.oxtonhouse.com/concept_phonics.html)

Cornerstone Literacy Initiative (http://www.cornerstoneliteracy.org)

Crossties (no website available)

Davis Learning Strategies® Program (http://www.davislearn.com)

Destination Reading (http://web.riverdeep.net/)

Different Ways of Knowing (http://www.differentways.org/galef/different_ways.html)

Direct Instruction/DISTAR (no website available)

Direct Instruction/Horizons (http://www.sraonline.com)

Direct Instruction/RITE (http://www.ritemail.com)

Direct Instruction/Spelling Mastery (http://mcgraw-hill.co.uk/sra/readingmastery.htm)

Direct Instruction/SRA (http://www.sraonline.com)

Direct Instruction/Teach Your Child to Read in 100 Easy Lessons (no website available)

Direct, Intensive, Systematic, Early, and Comprehensive (DISEC) Instruction (no website available)

Discover Intensive Phonics for Yourself (http://www.readinghorizons.com)

Dr. Cupp Readers® & Journal Writers (http://www.cindycupp.com)

Edison Schools (http://www.edisonschools.com)

Emerging Readers Software (http://www.soundreading.com)

Essential Skills Software (http://www.essentialskills.net)

Evidence Based Literacy Instruction (http://www.ebli.org)

Fast Track Action Reading Program (no website available)

Felipe's Sound Search (no website available)

First grade Literacy Intervention Program (FLIP) (no website available)

Flippen Reading Connections™ (http://www.flippengroup.com/education/index.html)

Frontline Phonics (http://www.frontlinephonics.com)

Fundations (http://www.fundations.com)

Funnix (http://www.funnix.com)

GOcabulary Program for Elementary Students (http://www.gocabulary.com/gocabel.htm)

Goldman-Lynch Language Simulation Program (no website available)

Goldman-Lynch Sounds-in-Symbols Development Kit (http://ags.pearsonassessments.com/group.asp?nGroupInfoID=highhat)

Guided Discovery LOGO (no website available)

Hooked on Phonics® (http://secure.hop.com/index.cfm)

HOTS (http://www.hots.org)

Huntington Phonics (no website available)

IntelliTools Reading (http://www.intellitools.com)

Invitations to Literacy (http://www.eduplace.com/rdg/itl)

Irlen Method (http://irlen.com)

Jigsaw Classroom (http://www.jigsaw.org)

Johnny Can Spell (http://www.nine-enterprises.com/nine/nav00.asp)

Jostens Integrated Language Arts Basic Learning System (no website available)

Kindergarten Works (no website available)

Kindergarten Intervention Program (KIP) (no website available)

Letter People (http://www.abramsandcompany.com/letterpeople_index.cfm)

Letterland (http://www.letterland.com)

Leap into Phonics (http://www.leapintolearning.com/products.html)

LeapFrog SchoolHouse (http://www.leapfrogschoolhouse.com)

LinguiSystems (http://www.linguisystems.com)

Literacy Collaborative (http://literacycollaborative.org)

Literacy First (http://www.literacyfirst.com)

LocuTour Multimedia Cognitive Rehabilitation (http://www.locutour.com)

Merit Reading Software Program (http://www.meritsoftware.com)

My Reading Coach™ (http://www.myreadingcoach.com/nrp/fluency.html)

National Geographic Society and Arizona Geographic Alliance K-8 program (http://alliance.la.asu.edu/geoliteracy/GeoLitNCSS.pdf)

New American Schools (no website available)

New Century Integrated Instructional System (http://www.ncecorp.com)

New Heights (no website available)

North Carolina A+ Schools network (http://aplus-schools.uncg.edu)

Onward to Excellence (http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/ote)

Pacemaker (http://www.pearsonschool.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZ1Ai)

Pause Prompt & Praise (http://www.peta.edu.au/)

Peabody Language Development Kits (http://ags.pearsonassessments.com/group.asp?nGroupInfoID=a8550)

Performance Learning Systems (http://www.plsweb.com)

Programmed Tutorial Reading (no website available)

Project FAST (Families Are Students and Teachers) (http://www.wcer.wisc.edu/FAST)

Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Elisten/index.html)

Project LISTEN's Writing Tutor (no website available)

Project PLUS (Partnership Linking University School Personnel) (no website available)

Project Read (http://www.projectread.com)

QuickReads (http://quickreads.org)

Rainbow Reading Program (http://www.rainbowreading.co.nz)

Read Well (http://store. cambiumlearning.com)

Reading Intervention for Early Success (http://www.eduplace.com/intervention/readintervention)

Reading Rods (http://www.etacuisineaire.com/readingrods.readingrods.jsp)

Reading Speed Drills (http://www.oxtonhouse.com/reading_speed_drills.html)

Reading Success from the Start (no website available)

Reading Theater (http://playbooks.com/index.shtml)

Reading Together™ (http://learningtogether.com/inschool/readingtogether.html)

Reading Upgrade (http://www.learningupgrade.com)

Right Start to Reading (no website available)

Road to the Code (http://www.brookespublishing.com/store/books/blachman-4382/index.htm)

SAIL (Second grade Acceleration in Literacy) (no website available)

Saxon Phonics (http://saxonpublishers.harcourtachieve.com)

Schoolwide Early Language and Learning (SWELL) (no website available)

SkillsTutor (http://www.achievementtech.com)

Soar to Success (http://www.eduplace.com)

Sonday System (http://www.sondaysystem.com)

Sound Field System (no website available)

Sound Foundations (no website available)

Sound Partners (http://www.wri-edu.org/partners/sound-partners.htm)

Sound Reading (http://www.soundreading.com/srs_new/index.cfm)

Sounds Abound (http://www.linguisystems.com/)

Sounds and Symbols Early Reading Program (http://ags.pearsonassessments.com)

S. P. I. R. E. (http://www.epsbooks.com/dynamic/catalog/program.asp?seriesonly=3250M)

Starfall (http://www.starfall.com)

STEPS (Sequential Teaching of Explicit Phonics and Spelling) (http://www.stepsreadingcenter.com)

Stories and More (http://brightbluesoftware.com/stories.htm)

Story Comprehension to Go (http://www.linguisystems.com)

Strategies that Work (no website available)

Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) (http://www.pwcs.edu/curriculum/sol/stad.htm)

SuccessMaker® Reading (http://www.pearsondigital.com)

Sullivan Program (no website available)

Voices Reading (http://www.zaner-bloser-voices.com/reading)

VoWac (Vowel Oriented Word Attack Course) (http://www.vowac.com/OLD%20PAGES/default.old.htm)

Wiggleworks (http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/wiggleworks/index.htm)

WORKSHOP WAY–Instant Personality Phonics Activities (http://www.workshopway.org/workshop-way.htm)

Wright Group's Intervention Program (http://www.wrightgroup.com)

Writing to Read (http://brightbluesoftware.com/wtr.htm)

4 The table includes all eligible programs with no studies and all eligible programs with no studies meeting evidence standards. The list was compiled from interventions that were suggested for WWC review by public submission and interventions that arose in studies found during the WWC literature search. The list is not inclusive of all reading interventions, and some of the interventions may no longer be actively distributed.

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