Trina Spencer

Academic language, defined as language used in school to acquire and express knowledge, is an important early skill that predicts later reading and writing outcomes for students. Unfortunately, reading achievement gaps in later elementary school and beyond may be traced back to gaps in academic language in early elementary school. The purpose of this project was to examine the vocabulary and grammatical features that kindergarten through third grade students produce under various academic co...

It is widely recognized that early childhood education plays a significant role in children's development. Multi-tiered System of Supports (MTSS) offers a dynamic and equitable early intervention and prevention approach based on a teaching philosophy that all children should receive the intensity of instruction needed to achieve. Early childhood researchers have developed individual interventions and assessments intended for use in MTSS. The research team developed some components of the int...