The Institute of Education Sciences (Institute) invites applications for research projects that will contribute to its research program on Mathematics and Science Education (Math/Science). The Institute intends for the research program on Math/Science to fulfill five goals: (1) identifying curriculum and instructional practices that are potentially effective for improving mathematics or science outcomes, as well as mediators and moderators of the effects of these practices; (2) developing new interventions and approaches to mathematics and science education that will eventually result in improving mathematics and science achievement; (3) establishing the efficacy of existing interventions and approaches to mathematics and science education with small efficacy or replication trials; (4) providing evidence on the effectiveness of mathematics and science interventions implemented at scale; and (5) developing and validating assessments for diagnosing sources of mathematics difficulties. The long-term outcome of this program will be an array of tools and strategies (e.g., curricula, programs) that have been demonstrated to be effective for improving mathematics and science learning and achievement.