Hawkins, J. D., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2008). ArchPediatr Adolesc Med, 162(12), 1133-1141.
Reviewed: July 2009
This review may not reflect the full body of research evidence for this intervention.
Evidence Tier rating based solely on this study. This intervention may achieve a higher tier when combined with the full body of evidence.
|
Outcome measure |
Comparison | Period | Sample |
Intervention mean |
Comparison mean |
Significant? |
Improvement index |
Evidence tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Student status |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.77 |
0.79 |
No |
-- | |
|
Student status |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.49 |
0.61 |
No |
-- |
|
Outcome measure |
Comparison | Period | Sample |
Intervention mean |
Comparison mean |
Significant? |
Improvement index |
Evidence tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Completed AA |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.34 |
0.22 |
No |
-- | |
|
Completed AA |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.34 |
0.22 |
No |
-- | |
|
Completed BA |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.20 |
0.13 |
No |
-- | |
|
Completed high school |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.81 |
0.75 |
No |
-- | |
|
Completed high school |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.83 |
0.77 |
No |
-- | |
|
Completed BA |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.20 |
0.14 |
No |
-- | |
|
Completed GED |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.92 |
0.90 |
No |
-- | |
|
Completed GED |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.92 |
0.91 |
No |
-- |
|
Outcome measure |
Comparison | Period | Sample |
Intervention mean |
Comparison mean |
Significant? |
Improvement index |
Evidence tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Social phobia criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
1.24 |
0.95 |
No |
-- | |
|
Social phobia diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.01 |
0.03 |
No |
-- | |
|
PTSD diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.08 |
0.12 |
No |
-- | |
|
Major Depressive Episode (MDE) diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.11 |
0.15 |
No |
-- | |
|
Suicidal thoughts |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.12 |
0.21 |
No |
-- | |
|
Major Depressive Episode (MDE) diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.11 |
0.16 |
No |
-- | |
|
Major Depressive Episode (MDE) criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.89 |
1.39 |
No |
-- | |
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.06 |
0.11 |
No |
-- | |
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.03 |
0.07 |
No |
-- | |
|
Social phobia diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.04 |
0.08 |
No |
-- | |
|
PTSD criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
1.19 |
2.05 |
No |
-- | |
|
PTSD diagnosis |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.03 |
0.08 |
No |
-- | |
|
Social phobia criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.07 |
0.27 |
No |
-- | |
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
1.77 |
2.20 |
No |
-- | |
|
Major Depressive Episode (MDE) criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
1.12 |
1.82 |
No |
-- | |
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.34 |
0.76 |
No |
-- | |
|
PTSD criterion count |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.38 |
1.22 |
No |
-- | |
|
Suicidal thoughts |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.07 |
0.17 |
No |
-- |
|
Outcome measure |
Comparison | Period | Sample |
Intervention mean |
Comparison mean |
Significant? |
Improvement index |
Evidence tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Involvement in community groups (hrs/wk) |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
8.86 |
5.96 |
No |
-- | |
|
Earned income |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
23.16 |
19.65 |
No |
-- | |
|
Sold drugs |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.08 |
0.03 |
No |
-- | |
|
Involvement in volunteer activities (hrs/wk) |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
6.44 |
4.49 |
No |
-- | |
|
Household income |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
61.14 |
54.12 |
No |
-- | |
|
Earned income |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
29.05 |
25.93 |
No |
-- | |
|
Involvement in community groups (hrs/wk) |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
8.92 |
7.07 |
No |
-- | |
|
Involvement in volunteer activities (hrs/wk) |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
5.43 |
3.99 |
No |
-- | |
|
Household income |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
55.20 |
49.92 |
No |
-- | |
|
Employment status |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
3.57 |
3.53 |
No |
-- | |
|
Sold drugs |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.07 |
0.06 |
No |
-- | |
|
Arrested |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.07 |
0.06 |
No |
-- | |
|
Employment status |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
3.52 |
3.45 |
No |
-- | |
|
Arrested |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.07 |
0.06 |
No |
-- | |
|
High variety of crime |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.09 |
0.09 |
No |
-- | |
|
High variety of substance use |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.21 |
0.21 |
No |
-- | |
|
Court charge in last year |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
N/A |
N/A |
No |
-- | |
|
Lifetime court charge |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
N/A |
N/A |
No |
-- | |
|
High variety of substance use |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.10 |
0.11 |
No |
-- | |
|
Substance use interference with life |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.64 |
0.66 |
No |
-- | |
|
Substance use interference with life |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.78 |
0.80 |
No |
-- | |
|
Court charge in last year |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.06 |
0.07 |
No |
-- | |
|
Lifetime sex partners |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
8.99 |
9.81 |
No |
-- | |
|
Lifetime sex partners |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
11.63 |
12.40 |
No |
-- | |
|
Ever having or fathering a baby |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.51 |
0.55 |
No |
-- | |
|
High variety of crime |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.05 |
0.07 |
No |
-- | |
|
Ever having or fathering a baby |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.43 |
0.48 |
No |
-- | |
|
Any substance use in the last year |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.86 |
0.90 |
No |
-- | |
|
Ever been or gotten someone pregnant |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.59 |
0.68 |
No |
-- | |
|
Lifetime court charge |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.49 |
0.58 |
No |
-- | |
|
Any substance use in the last year |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.84 |
0.90 |
No |
-- | |
|
Ever been or gotten someone pregnant |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.64 |
0.72 |
No |
-- | |
|
Ever having an STD |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 27;
|
0.23 |
0.35 |
No |
-- | |
|
Ever having an STD |
Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) vs. Business as usual |
Posttest |
Age 24;
|
0.19 |
0.31 |
No |
-- |
Characteristics of study sample as reported by study author.
| Asian | 22% | |
| Black | 26% | |
| White | 46% |
An indicator of the effect of the intervention, the improvement index can be interpreted as the expected change in percentile rank for an average comparison group student if that student had received the intervention.
For more, please see the WWC Glossary entry for improvement index.
An outcome is the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are attained as a result of an activity. An outcome measures is an instrument, device, or method that provides data on the outcome.
A finding that is included in the effectiveness rating. Excluded findings may include subgroups and subscales.
The sample on which the analysis was conducted.
The group to which the intervention group is compared, which may include a different intervention, business as usual, or no services.
The timing of the post-intervention outcome measure.
The number of students included in the analysis.
The mean score of students in the intervention group.
The mean score of students in the comparison group.
The WWC considers a finding to be statistically significant if the likelihood that the finding is due to chance alone, rather than a real difference, is less than five percent.
The WWC reviews studies for WWC products, Department of Education grant competitions, and IES performance measures.
The name and version of the document used to guide the review of the study.
The version of the WWC design standards used to guide the review of the study.
The result of the WWC assessment of the study. The rating is based on the strength of evidence of the effectiveness of the intervention. Studies are given a rating of Meets WWC Design Standards without Reservations, Meets WWC Design Standards with Reservations, or >Does Not Meet WWC Design Standards.
A related publication that was reviewed alongside the main study of interest.
Study findings for this report.
Based on the direction, magnitude, and statistical significance of the findings within a domain, the WWC characterizes the findings from a study as one of the following: statistically significant positive effects, substantively important positive effects, indeterminate effects, substantively important negative effects, and statistically significant negative effects. For more, please see the WWC Handbook.
The WWC may review studies for multiple purposes, including different reports and re-reviews using updated standards. Each WWC review of this study is listed in the dropdown. Details on any review may be accessed by making a selection from the drop down list.
Tier 1 Strong indicates strong evidence of effectiveness,
Tier 2 Moderate indicates moderate evidence of effectiveness, and
Tier 3 Promising indicates promising evidence of effectiveness,
as defined in the
non-regulatory guidance for ESSA
and the regulations for ED discretionary grants (EDGAR Part 77).
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