Peer Tutoring in Arithmetic for Children with Learning Disabilities. [Counting on method vs. rote memorization]
Beirne-Smith, Mary (1991). Exceptional Children, v57 n4 p330-37 Feb 1991. Retrieved from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ425681
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examining20Students, gradeNot reported
Practice Guide
Review Details
Reviewed: February 2023
- Practice Guide (findings for Counting on tutoring—Beirne-Smith (1991))
- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Meets WWC standards without reservations because it is a randomized controlled trial with low attrition.
This review may not reflect the full body of research evidence for this intervention.
Evidence Tier rating based solely on this study. This intervention may achieve a higher tier when combined with the full body of evidence.
Findings
|
Outcome measure |
Comparison | Period | Sample |
Intervention mean |
Comparison mean |
Significant? |
Improvement index |
Evidence tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Addition fact task set |
Counting on tutoring—Beirne-Smith (1991) vs. Rote memorization—Beirne-Smith (1991) |
1 Week |
Counting on method condition vs. rote memorization condition (Tutees);
|
40.10 |
38.10 |
No |
-- |
Evidence Tier rating based solely on this study. This intervention may achieve a higher tier when combined with the full body of evidence.
Sample Characteristics
Characteristics of study sample as reported by study author.
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Female: 15%
Male: 85% -
Rural, Urban
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- B
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- S
- V
- U
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- W
- X
- Z
- Y
- a
- h
- i
- b
- d
- e
- f
- c
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South
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Race Other or unknown 100% -
Ethnicity Other or unknown 100% -
Eligible for Free and Reduced Price Lunch Other or unknown 100%
Study Details
Setting
The study took place at four schools in two districts in the southeastern region of the United States. Two of the schools were urban and two were rural.
Study sample
The tutees were primarily male (85 percent) and between ages 6 and 10, with a mean age of 8.7. All tutees had IEPs and had been classified as having a learning disability. They received services in a self-contained learning disabilities classroom. The tutors were in grades 3-6.
Intervention Group
The intervention condition in this contrast is the counting on tutoring condition (Method A). Students were paired with a student tutor, completing 30-minute tutoring sessions (5 minutes start-up, 15 minutes tutoring, and 10 minutes shut-down) for four weeks. The tutors used a file folder that included 20 sets of three related addition facts in which the first number was kept constant and the second number increased by one (2+4, 2+5, 2+6). The tutors also had flashcards with each fact printed on them (total of 60 cards across all 20 sets). The tutoring involved three tasks. First, the tutor showed the tutee a file folder with the answers to the problems displayed, and used a standard procedure to highlight a rule for solving the problems--first they would share the rule ("Each time the addend increases by one the sum increases by one. Say it with me"), demonstrate answering questions themselves (for instance, 2 plus 3 equals 5, 2 plus 4 equals 6), ask the tutee to say the answers with the tutor, ask the tutor to say the answer themselves, and then ask the tutee to repeat the answer. In the second task, the tutor displayed the file folder and stated the rule. The tutor showed the tutee the side of the folder without the answers and asked the tutee to read each problem out loud and answer it in order. Then the tutor would randomly select problems for the tutee to answer. In the third task, the tutor used flashcards to ask the tutee to answer addition facts in a random order; tutees would read the problem and give the answer. When tutees completed five consecutive correct responses on all steps and tasks, they could complete that task set. After finishing a task set, the tutor would give the tutee flashcards with all previously learned facts and sort them into piles based on tutees' incorrect and correct responses. At the end of the session, the tutor would inform the tutee of how many questions they got right and told the tutee what they would work on in the next session.
Comparison Group
The comparison condition in this contrast is the rote memorization tutoring condition (Method B). Students were paired with a student tutor, completing 30-minute tutoring sessions (5 minutes start-up, 15 minutes tutoring, and 10 minutes shut-down) for four weeks. The tutors used a file folder that included 20 sets of three related addition facts in which the first number was kept constant and the second number increased by one (2+4, 2+5, 2+6). The tutors also had flashcards with each fact printed on them (total of 60 cards across all 20 sets). The tutoring involved two tasks. First, the tutor showed the tutee a file folder without the answers and would model answering randomly selected facts on the task set. The tutor would answer the problem and then ask the tutee to answer the same problem. The tutor would then take away the file folder and ask random questions from the task set. Second, the tutor used the flashcards and asked the tutee to read the problem and answer it. When tutees completed five consecutive correct responses on all steps and tasks, they could complete that task set. After finishing a task set, the tutor would give the tutee flashcards with all previously learned facts and sort them into piles based on tutees' incorrect and correct responses. At the end of the session, the tutor would inform the tutee of how many questions they got right and told the tutee what they would work on in the next session.
Support for implementation
The tutors were trained in groups of 2-5 students, during two 45-minute sessions. The tutors were taught the intervention they would be implementing (counting on tutoring or rote memorization). The authors observed the tutors and met with the tutors at the end of each training session. Tutors were retrained as necessary.
Assisting Students Struggling with Mathematics: Response to Intervention (RtI) for Elementary and Middle Schools
Review Details
Reviewed: April 2009
Assisting Students Struggling with Mathematics: Response to Intervention (RtI) for Elementary and Middle Schools Practice Guide- Randomized Controlled Trial
- Meets WWC standards without reservations
This review may not reflect the full body of research evidence for this intervention.
Evidence Tier rating based solely on this study. This intervention may achieve a higher tier when combined with the full body of evidence.
Findings
Evidence Tier rating based solely on this study. This intervention may achieve a higher tier when combined with the full body of evidence.
Sample Characteristics
Characteristics of study sample as reported by study author.
-
Female: 13%
Male: 87%
An indicator of the effect of the intervention, the improvement index can be interpreted as the expected change in percentile rank for an average comparison group student if that student had received the intervention.
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