Vadasy, Patricia F.; Sanders, Elizabeth A. (2010). Journal of Educational Psychology, v102 n4 p786-803 Nov 2010. Retrieved from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ910429
Reviewed: February 2023
This review may not reflect the full body of research evidence for this intervention.
Evidence Tier rating based solely on this study. This intervention may achieve a higher tier when combined with the full body of evidence.
|
Outcome measure |
Comparison | Period | Sample |
Intervention mean |
Comparison mean |
Significant? |
Improvement index |
Evidence tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Wide Range Achievement Test - Revised (WRAT-R): Words spelled |
Supplemental phonics instruction—Vadasy and Sanders (2010) vs. Business as usual |
18 Weeks |
Full sample;
|
77.58 |
44.89 |
Yes |
|
|
|
Outcome measure |
Comparison | Period | Sample |
Intervention mean |
Comparison mean |
Significant? |
Improvement index |
Evidence tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Alphabetics |
Supplemental phonics instruction—Vadasy and Sanders (2010) vs. Business as usual |
18 Weeks |
Full sample;
|
47.98 |
35.80 |
Yes |
|
|
Characteristics of study sample as reported by study author.
The study took place in 24 kindergarten classrooms from a total of 10 Title I public elementary schools. The location is unspecified, however, US location is assumed.
The participating schools had student enrollment of 85% minority, 75% free or reduced lunch, 33% bilingual, and 18% special education. The 23 paraeducators were mostly nonminority (74%) and female (83%). Tutors were between the ages of 18 and 55 years and the modal level of education was a bachelor's degree. The mean paraeducator tutoring experience was 4.52 years and most paraeducators (72%) had at least one year of experience working with early grade levels.
Paraeducators provided individual tutoring to students using the Sound Partners model. The tutoring sessions had 20 minutes of instruction on letter–sound correspondence, segmenting and blending phonemes, word reading, spelling, and irregular words. The final 10 minutes of each session was spent on assisted oral reading practice. The intervention involved 30-minute sessions 4 times a week for 18 weeks.
Teachers taught their regular lessons.
The researches provided the paraeducators with an initial 2-hr training session. Through the course of this training session, researchers described each lesson activity and model paraeducator/student behaviors, errors, and error correction strategies. Trainees were paired together to practice these techniques while the trainers provided feedback. Follow-up training was provided throughout the duration of the intervention. This additional training included added coaching for those paraeducators with less experience or low intervention fidelity ratings. On average, these paraeducators received 1 additional hour of follow up tutoring (range: 0.5 to 3.0 hr).
An indicator of the effect of the intervention, the improvement index can be interpreted as the expected change in percentile rank for an average comparison group student if that student had received the intervention.
For more, please see the WWC Glossary entry for improvement index.
An outcome is the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are attained as a result of an activity. An outcome measures is an instrument, device, or method that provides data on the outcome.
A finding that is included in the effectiveness rating. Excluded findings may include subgroups and subscales.
The sample on which the analysis was conducted.
The group to which the intervention group is compared, which may include a different intervention, business as usual, or no services.
The timing of the post-intervention outcome measure.
The number of students included in the analysis.
The mean score of students in the intervention group.
The mean score of students in the comparison group.
The WWC considers a finding to be statistically significant if the likelihood that the finding is due to chance alone, rather than a real difference, is less than five percent.
The WWC reviews studies for WWC products, Department of Education grant competitions, and IES performance measures.
The name and version of the document used to guide the review of the study.
The version of the WWC design standards used to guide the review of the study.
The result of the WWC assessment of the study. The rating is based on the strength of evidence of the effectiveness of the intervention. Studies are given a rating of Meets WWC Design Standards without Reservations, Meets WWC Design Standards with Reservations, or >Does Not Meet WWC Design Standards.
A related publication that was reviewed alongside the main study of interest.
Study findings for this report.
Based on the direction, magnitude, and statistical significance of the findings within a domain, the WWC characterizes the findings from a study as one of the following: statistically significant positive effects, substantively important positive effects, indeterminate effects, substantively important negative effects, and statistically significant negative effects. For more, please see the WWC Handbook.
The WWC may review studies for multiple purposes, including different reports and re-reviews using updated standards. Each WWC review of this study is listed in the dropdown. Details on any review may be accessed by making a selection from the drop down list.
Tier 1 Strong indicates strong evidence of effectiveness,
Tier 2 Moderate indicates moderate evidence of effectiveness, and
Tier 3 Promising indicates promising evidence of effectiveness,
as defined in the
non-regulatory guidance for ESSA
and the regulations for ED discretionary grants (EDGAR Part 77).
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