Practice Guide iconPractice Guide
This guide includes a set of concrete actions relating to the use of instructional and study time that are applicable to subjects that demand a great deal of content learning, including social studies, science, and mathematics. The guide was developed with some of the most important principles to emerge from research on learning and memory in mind.
1
Space learning over time.
Show More Show Less
2
Interleave worked example solutions with problem-solving exercises.
Show More Show Less
3
Combine graphics with verbal descriptions.
Show More Show Less
4
Connect and integrate abstract and concrete representations of concepts.
Show More Show Less
5a
Use quizzing to promote learning. Use pre-questions to introduce a new topic.
Show More Show Less
5b
Use quizzing to promote learning. Use quizzes to re-expose students to key content.
Show More Show Less
6a
Help students allocate study time efficiently. Teach students how to use delayed judgments of learning to identify content that needs further study.
Show More Show Less
6b
Help students allocate study time efficiently. Use tests and quizzes to identify content that needs to be learned.
Show More Show Less
7
Ask deep explanatory questions.
Show More Show Less

Arrange to review key elements of course content after a delay of several weeks to several months after initial presentation.

Learn More About This Recommendation (995 KB)

Have students alternate between reading already worked solutions and trying to solve problems on their own.

Learn More About This Recommendation (995 KB)

Combine graphical presentations (e.g., graphs, figures) that illustrate key processes and procedures with verbal descriptions.

Learn More About This Recommendation (995 KB)

Connect and integrate abstract representations of a concept with concrete representations of the same concept.

Learn More About This Recommendation (995 KB)

Use quizzing with active retrieval of information at all phases of the learning process to exploit the ability of retrieval directly to facilitate long-lasting memory traces.

Learn More About This Recommendation (995 KB)

Assist students in identifying what material they know well, and what needs further study, by teaching children how to judge what they have learned.

Learn More About This Recommendation (995 KB)

Use instructional prompts that encourage students to pose and answer “deep-level” questions on course material. These questions enable students to respond with explanations and supports deep understanding of taught material.

Learn More About This Recommendation (995 KB)

Audience:
  • Administrators
  • Policymakers
  • Researchers
  • School Specialist
  • Teacher

This practice guide was prepared for the WWC by Optimal Solutions Group under contract ED-05-CO-0026.

  • Harold Pashler (Chair)
    University of California, San Diego
  • Patrice M. Bain
    Columbia Middle School, Illinois
  • Brian A. Bottge
    University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Arthur Graesser
    University of Memphis
  • Kenneth Koedinger
    Carnegie Mellon University
  • Mark McDaniel
    Washington University in St. Louis
  • Janet Metcalfe
    Columbia University

Connect With the WWC

loading
back to top