Project Activities
Research plan
- At the state and local levels, who were the recipients of ARRA funds? To what extent did child poverty, state fiscal condition, student achievement, and other variables relate to funding?
- Was ARRA associated with the implementation of the key reform strategies it promoted? At the state, district, and school levels what was the pace and scope of implementation as reform activity took place over time?
- Which implementation supports (e.g., state assistance to districts and schools) and challenges (e.g., community opposition) were associated with ARRA?
Structured Abstract
Research design and methods
Data were collected from all 50 states, DC, and a nationally-representative sample of districts and schools through the administration of surveys in spring 2011 and spring 2012. Descriptive and correlational analyses made use of both survey and extant data, in order to answer the study's research questions.
Key outcomes
- The Recovery Act K–12 education funding provided an average of $1,396 per pupil to individual states, with amounts ranging from $1,063 to $3,632 per pupil. States with the largest budget shortfalls and states with the highest student achievement received more per pupil than did states with the smallest budget shortfalls and lowest student achievement.
- On average, 81 percent of Recovery Act K–12 funding was awarded to districts. Districts with the highest child poverty rates received, on average, twice as much per pupil ($1,369) as did districts with the lowest child poverty rates ($684).
- At the state level, there was progress from 2009–10 to 2011–12 in each of the four areas of reform examined. Progress was greatest for state support for use of student achievement gains for principal evaluation (from 6 in 2009–10 to 22 in 2011–12). However, in 2011–12 many more states were carrying out reforms related to standards and assessments than were carrying out reforms related to educator evaluation and compensation or improving low-performing schools.
- At the district and school levels, progress was uneven and varied by reform area. During the study period, there was an increase in the percentage of districts and schools that reported implementing standards-and-assessments-related reforms. However, there was a decrease in the percentage of districts that reported implementing reforms related to educator evaluation and compensation, and at the school level, implementation of these reforms largely remained flat. School-level but not district-level progress was seen for data-system-related reforms.
- Across all levels, the most frequently reported reform implementation challenges were related to educator evaluation and compensation.
People and institutions involved
IES program contact(s)
Products and publications
The final report, titled State, District, and School Implementation of Reforms Promoted Under the Recovery Act: 2009–10 through 2011–12, was released in September 2015.
Other publications from this study are listed below.
Questions about this project?
To answer additional questions about this project or provide feedback, please contact the program officer.
