This report provides a detailed perspective on mathematics achievement and practices in 1996. To illustrate what students know and can do, the report presents examples of student work in five different content strands of mathematics. Information on current instruction in mathematics classes, as reported by students and teachers, also is included. This volume is primarily for teachers, curriculum specialists, and school administrators. A companion report, School Policies and Practices Affecting Instruction in Mathematics, provides information on school policies and other practices affecting mathematics education.